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Agriculture in ancient Tamil country
During the Sangam age, 200 BCE - 200 CE, agriculture was the main vocation of the Tamils.〔Venkata Subramanian. p. 26.〕 It was considered a necessity for life, and hence was treated as the foremost among all occupations. The farmers or the ''Ulavar'' were placed right at the top of the social classification. As they were the producers of food grains, they lived with self-respect. Agriculture during the early stages of Sangam period was primitive,〔 but it progressively got more efficient with improvements in irrigation, ploughing, manuring, storage and distribution.
The ancient Tamils were aware of the different varieties of soil, the kinds of crops that can be grown on them and the various irrigation schemes suitable for a given region.These were also in madras,thanjore(now as Chennai,Thanjavur respectively).
==Land classification==
Among the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in Sangam literature, the Marutam region was the most fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands.〔Balambal. p. 60.〕 The prosperity of a farmer depended on getting the necessary sunlight, seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these elements of nature, sunlight was considered indispensable by the ancient Tamils, because if rains fail other methods of irrigation could be put to use and if the soil wasn't naturally fertile, artificial manuring would enrich the soil. They differentiated the lands on the basis of fertility and accordingly cultivated the crops that were best suited for the kind of soil. They were ''Vanpulam'' (hardland), ''Menpulam'' (fertile land), ''Pinpulam'' (dry land) and ''Kalarnilam'' or ''Uvarnilam'' (salty land). ''Vanpulam'' in Mullai and Kurinji regions did not yield rich produce, whereas in ''Menpulam'' the yield was very good. Dry crops were cultivated on ''Pinpulam'', because of the limited irrigation facilities. The ''Kalarnilam'' was unfit for cultivation.〔 Some of the types of soil known to the people of this age were the alluvial soil, red soil, black soil, laterite soil and sandy soil and they knew what crops could be grown on each type of soil.〔
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